目錄英語語法八種基本句型 英語語法不規(guī)則之處 英語語法用法最全總結(jié) 英語一共有多少語法規(guī)則 英語語法歸納大全
新概念英語第一冊語法規(guī)則:時(shí)態(tài)
1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):(除主語第三人稱)謂語動(dòng)詞都使用動(dòng)詞原形。常與副詞“always”,“never”,“often”,“seldom”,“usually”,“every”,“day”等連用。
2、現(xiàn)在握含銀進(jìn)行時(shí):表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
語法:Be+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,但與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系。即用一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作來說明現(xiàn)在的情況。
語法:Have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞
4、一般過去時(shí):表過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示過去常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
語法1(be動(dòng)詞):主語+be動(dòng)詞過去式
語法2:主語+動(dòng)詞過去式
5、過去進(jìn)行時(shí):表某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)進(jìn)行的段宴作動(dòng)。
語法:Be動(dòng)詞過去式+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞
6、 過去完成時(shí):表在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前己經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
語法:Had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞構(gòu)成
7、 一般將來老首時(shí):表將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表將來經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
語法1:Will(Shall)+動(dòng)詞原形
語法2:Be+going go+動(dòng)詞原形
8、過去將來時(shí):表從過去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
語法1:Would(Should)+動(dòng)詞原形
語法2:Be動(dòng)詞過去式+going to+動(dòng)詞原形
新概念英語第一冊語法規(guī)則:從句
一、賓語從句:賓語從句是由一個(gè)完整的句子構(gòu)成,充當(dāng)賓語修飾謂語動(dòng)詞、介詞和、限定動(dòng)詞和某些形容詞的賓語。如果從句部份是一個(gè)陳述句或是一個(gè)一般疑句(一般疑問句如果做為從句則需變?yōu)殛愂鼍?則通常使用引導(dǎo)詞“that”、“whether”、“if”加上從句部份來構(gòu)成賓語從句。如果從句部份是一個(gè)特殊疑問句,而把特殊疑問詞做引導(dǎo)詞在加上由一般疑問句變來的陳述句來構(gòu)成賓語從句。
例1:由that、whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
1、She saw that her was sleeping.她看見他在睡覺(修飾謂語動(dòng)詞“saw”)。
2、She was intersted in whatever she saw there.他對在那無論所看到的都感興趣(修飾介詞“in”)。
3、She didn’t say if her was still alive.他沒有說他是否還活著(修飾謂語動(dòng)詞“say”)。
例2:由特殊疑問句的特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
She asked me where I was going.他問我到那兒去(注意“where”后面的語序)。
二、定語從句:在句中起定語作用,修飾某一名詞或代詞,或修飾整個(gè)主句的從句,叫定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞稱為“先行詞”。定語從句常跟先行詞后,并由“關(guān)系詞”(引導(dǎo)詞)所引導(dǎo)。對先行詞,無論是人或物起到了加以限制的作用。
1、修飾人稱一般由關(guān)系詞“who”、“whom”、“whose”引導(dǎo)。用“who”引導(dǎo)其條件為定語從句所修飾的先行詞在整個(gè)定語從句中做主語,而且who不能省略。用“whom”引志其條件為定語從句所修飾的先行詞在整個(gè)定語從句中做賓語,但whom可以省略。用“whose”引導(dǎo)其條件為定語從句所修飾的先行詞在從句中做某名詞的定語。
2、修飾物一般由關(guān)系詞“that”引導(dǎo)。
例1:由關(guān)系詞“who”、“whom”、“whose”引導(dǎo)來修飾人。
1、The lady who is standing behind the counter.那位站在柜臺后面的女士。
2、They’re people whom I met during the rtip.這些人是我在旅游時(shí)認(rèn)識的。
3、I’m looking after this boy whose parents have gone to shop.我在照看這個(gè)父母去了商店的男孩。
例2:由關(guān)系詞“that”引導(dǎo)來修飾物。
This is a photo that I took during my trip to Australia.這是一張我到澳大利亞旅行時(shí)照的照片。
三、狀語從句:狀語從句有很多,新概念一冊所遇到的有時(shí)間狀語從句。同樣也是由一個(gè)完整的句子構(gòu)成,起到一個(gè)時(shí)間性說明、限定的使用,稱之為“時(shí)間狀語從句”。一般由以下連詞所引導(dǎo):
1、when(當(dāng)…時(shí))
2、as(當(dāng)…時(shí),一邊…一邊)
3、while(當(dāng)…時(shí),在…期間)
4、before(在…以前)
5、after(在…之后)
例:
1、When my husband was going into the dining room this morning,he dropped some coins on the floor.今早當(dāng)我丈夫走進(jìn)飯廳時(shí),把一些硬幣掉在地上了。
2、While we were having breakfast,our little boy found two small coins on the floor.當(dāng)我們正吃早飯時(shí),我們的小男孩在地上找到了兩枚小硬幣。
3、 Just as I was opening the window,the telephone rang.當(dāng)我剛打開窗子時(shí),電話響了。
4、She had finished the housework before she went out.她在做完家務(wù)前出去的。
新概念英語第一冊語法規(guī)則:零散
一、由“there”引起的句子:常見的結(jié)構(gòu)為“there+be”結(jié)構(gòu)?!皌here”占主語位置,通常表示“有”這個(gè)意思。
例:There are some clouds in the sky.天空中有(飄著)一些云。
二、介詞“in”根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)來判斷范圍:介詞“in”與過時(shí)間連用則表示在范圍以內(nèi),如果介詞與現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)連用則表示范圍以外。
例:
1、I finished the work in two day.兩天內(nèi)我完成了工作。
2、I’ll finish the work in tow day.兩天后我將完成我的工作。
三、as…as…或not as/so…as:形容詞或副詞的同級比較。
例:
1、You are as tall as me.你和我一樣高。
2、You are not so tall as me.你沒有我高。
四、部份形容詞前加冠詞“the”表示屬于某類。
例:
1、The old老年人。
2、The rich有錢人
3、The best最后的一類。
五、部份名詞前加冠詞“The”,詞未尾在加“’s”表指某一個(gè)地方。
例:At the butcher’s.在肉店。
六、“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)與“…enough…to…”“太…而不能…”“足夠…而可以…”
例:
1、She’s too young to go to school.她太小輕而不上學(xué)。
2、The questions were easy enough to answer.這些題夠簡單而可以回答。
首先是詞法:
一,名詞
二,限定詞
三,冠詞(Article)
四,代詞
五,數(shù)詞
六,動(dòng)詞
然后是句法:
一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者慧悶必?cái) ?
注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。
4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯(cuò),講的可不行。
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我前畝彎正在做功課。
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
二、 一般過去時(shí)的用法
1)在確定耐旁的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那時(shí),布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等,而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意: 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
used to / be used to
used to + do:"過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 對……已感到習(xí)慣,或"習(xí)慣于",to是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。
三、 一般將來時(shí)
1) shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄
11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí),be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄
be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
1)下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后,讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就寫信給你。
4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。
用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎?
四、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成:have (has) +過去分詞。
返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄
比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用,或無時(shí)間狀語。
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。
共同的時(shí)間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了)
I have seen this film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)
He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。
(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late
2)This is +形容詞最高級+that…結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí),反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。
注意:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
(錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month.
(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
比較since和for
Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意:并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
注意:用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。
1)(對) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然,第二句不對,它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。
2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。
3) since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后,變化可大了。
4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞
1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2) 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
五、 過去完成時(shí)
1) 概念:表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時(shí)。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。
3) 過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了,因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會時(shí),大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動(dòng)作之前,因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去,用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下,when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。
用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)
1) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時(shí),多用一般過去時(shí)。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。
2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成,用過去完成時(shí)。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過去完成時(shí),而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
六、 將來完成時(shí)
1) 構(gòu)成will have done
2) 概念
a. 狀態(tài)完成:表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。
b. 動(dòng)作完成:表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí),你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。
七、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法:
a. 表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部。(說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)
c. 表示漸變,這樣的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài),應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí),由于沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應(yīng)用完成時(shí),瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。
不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞
1)表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3)瞬間動(dòng)詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4)系動(dòng)詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點(diǎn)累。
八、 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1)概念:表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。
2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來,受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時(shí),正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達(dá)山頂時(shí),陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情,應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí),when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性,"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景,因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為"當(dāng)……之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí),用過去進(jìn)行;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí),奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell(fall的過去時(shí)),是系動(dòng)詞,后跟形容詞,如:fall sick。
(一) 見到謂語找主語,主謂一致找狀語 見到名詞想多數(shù),可不可數(shù)要記帆旅牢 見到平行看結(jié)構(gòu),形式功能要對稱 見到代詞找指代,指代通常不合理 小小of常抓的點(diǎn),of前名詞adj最高級 (二) 謂與非謂經(jīng)常混 謂語句中就一個(gè) 其余動(dòng)詞非謂語 常見形式有三種 ving ved 和to do 主賓通常ving 現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng) 過去分詞表被動(dòng) 目的要用不定式 改錯(cuò)要想拿高分 語凱租法口訣要記牢 (三) 規(guī)則是說謊 lie lied lied 不規(guī)則是躺 lie lay lain 躺態(tài)孫凳過就下蛋 lay laid laid 下蛋不規(guī)則
英語語法規(guī)則多,各個(gè)用法之間的差別有時(shí)比較細(xì)微,不易弄清楚,更難以記住。但是,如果方法正確,下一些功夫,是可以學(xué)到手的。學(xué)習(xí)英語語法,首先必須弄清每個(gè)規(guī)則的基本概念和主要用法,然后再分辨與它相近的別的規(guī)則或用法的差異。這樣才能弄清規(guī)則,記住用法。寬搭可以采取歸納、分類、對比等方法來達(dá)到上面的目的。
下面幾種辦法對理解和記住英語語法規(guī)則會有所幫助:
(1)將一條規(guī)則或一個(gè)詞的所有用法歸納起來學(xué)習(xí)。比如將連詞as的5種常見用法歸納如下:
①They took notes as they listened to the lecture.(表示時(shí)間)
②As you are tired,you had better have arest.(表示原因)
③He doesn’t speak as others do.(表示方式)
④Do not make the same mistakes as I did. (表示比較)
⑤Rich as he is,he is not happy. (表示讓步,rich as he is意思與though he is rich相同)
又基謹(jǐn)如,在學(xué)完現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的各種用法之后,可以將這些用法歸納起來學(xué)習(xí)。
(2)將容易混淆的不同的語法規(guī)則和詞的用法,排在一起進(jìn)行對比,很有利于分清差別。下面簡單對比不定代詞some,any,no的不同用法:
Our teacher has some English novels. (some在肯定句中作定語)
Have you any French novels?(any在疑問句中作定語)
No,l haven’t have any French novels.(any和not用在否定句中,any作定語)
She has no German novels. (no在否定句中作定語)
又如人們學(xué)習(xí)英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),常將它與過去一般時(shí)的用法相比較,學(xué)習(xí)將來一般時(shí)常將shall,will,to be going to,be+動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行比較。
(3)將內(nèi)容相同而用法有細(xì)微差別的一些語法現(xiàn)象或詞加以分類。如表示時(shí)間的介詞有at,in,on,buring,for,from,before,after,by,past,since,till,to,within,表示地點(diǎn)的介詞有above,at,in,on,behind,below,beside,down,into,out of,over,under等。再找出一些典型的例子比較其用法的差別,就會加深印象。
學(xué)習(xí)英語的最終目的不僅僅是理解和記清規(guī)則和用法,而是要能使用它。因此,在懂得了規(guī)則慎鋒拿之后,還有必要進(jìn)行口頭、筆語練習(xí)以及聽力和閱讀的實(shí)踐。語言的練習(xí)和實(shí)踐,是學(xué)習(xí)語言最有效的方法。等到能使用英語時(shí),就用不著再去專門記憶語法規(guī)則了。
英語語法是針對英語語言進(jìn)行研究后,英語語法地總結(jié)歸納出來的一系列語言規(guī)則。英語語法的精髓在于掌握語言的使用。
詞類和句類?詞類?句類
詞語?名詞?代詞?數(shù)詞?動(dòng)詞?感喊閉嘆詞?其他 時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣?時(shí)態(tài)?語態(tài)?語氣句子成分
句型結(jié)構(gòu)?簡腔滲鬧單句?It引導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)?并列句?復(fù)合句
名詞:名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns),專有名詞是某個(gè)(些)人,地方,機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱,如Beijing,China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞,如:伍罩book,sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類:個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體,如:gun。
集體名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family。
物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns):表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:air。
抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns):表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算,稱為可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算,稱為不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns)。